3. Getting Started¶

This section provides a short tutorial that covers the basics of using Bodo and explains its important concepts.

To install Bodo, please follow instructions here

3.1. Parallel Pandas with Bodo¶

Bodo automatically parallelizes and optimizes standard Python programs that make use of pandas and NumPy, without the need to rewrite your code. Bodo can scale your analytics code to thousands of cores, providing orders of magnitude speed up depending on program characteristics.

Bodo uses MPI for efficient communication, which is usually much faster than alternative methods.

Note: For Jupyter Notebook, follow setup here. Then, at the top of the code cell use the %%px magic to run on MPI engines.

3.1.1. Generate data¶

To begin, let’s create a Python script named generate_data.py with the code below to generate a simple dataset (the size of this dataframe in memory is approximately 305 MB, and the size of the written Parquet file is 77 MB):

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

NUM_GROUPS = 30
NUM_ROWS = 20_000_000
df = pd.DataFrame({
    "A": np.arange(NUM_ROWS) % NUM_GROUPS,
    "B": np.arange(NUM_ROWS)
})
df.to_parquet("example1.pq")
print(df)

Run the following command from the terminal to execute the script:

python generate_data.py

Output:

           A         B
0          0         0
1          1         1
2          2         2
3          3         3
4          4         4
...       ..       ...
19999995  15  19999995
19999996  16  19999996
19999997  17  19999997
19999998  18  19999998
19999999  19  19999999

[20000000 rows x 2 columns]

To check that the file is generated

ls -lh

-rw-r--r--   1 bodo  staff    77M Feb 12 15:30 example1.pq
-rw-r--r--   1 bodo  staff   216B Feb 12 15:30 generate_data.py

3.1.2. Data Analysis¶

Now let’s read and process this dataframe. First using Python and pandas.

Create another Python script analyze_data.py with following code and run it with python command as follows:

import pandas as pd

def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    df2 = df.groupby("A").sum()
    m = df2.B.max()
    print(m)

test()

python analyze_data.py

Output:

6666676000003

Now let’s run it with Bodo in parallel. To do this, all that we have to do is to modify analyze_data.py file to add import bodo, the bodo.jit decorator to the function, and run the program with MPI (using mpiexec) as shown below.

import pandas as pd
import bodo

@bodo.jit
def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    df2 = df.groupby("A").sum()
    m = df2.B.max()
    print(m)

test()

mpiexec -n 4 python analyze_data.py

Output:

6666676000003

Although the program appears to be a regular sequential Python program, Bodo compiles and transforms the decorated code (the test function in this example) under the hood, so that it can run in parallel on many cores. Each core operates on a different chunk of the data and communicates with other cores when necessary.

3.1.3. Prints¶

Bodo prints replicated values like m only once (on process 0) to avoid redundant printing, but we can use bodo.parallel_print instead of print to see prints on all processes:

import pandas as pd
import bodo

@bodo.jit
def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    df2 = df.groupby("A").sum()
    m = df2.B.max()
    bodo.parallel_print(m)

test()

Command:

mpiexec -n 4 python analyze_data.py

Output:

6666676000003
6666676000003
6666676000003
6666676000003

3.1.4. Parallel Data Read¶

Bodo can read data from storage such as Parquet files in parallel. This means that each process reads only its own chunk of data (which can be proportionally faster than sequential read). The example below demonstrates parallel read by printing data chunks on different cores. Save code in a new Python script read_data.py and run with mpiexec

import pandas as pd
import bodo

@bodo.jit
def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    print(df)

test()

Command:

mpiexec -n 4 python read_data.py

Output:

          A        B
0         0        0
1         1        1
2         2        2
3         3        3
4         4        4
...      ..      ...
4999995  15  4999995
4999996  16  4999996
4999997  17  4999997
4999998  18  4999998
4999999  19  4999999

[5000000 rows x 2 columns]
          A        B
5000000  20  5000000
5000001  21  5000001
5000002  22  5000002
5000003  23  5000003
5000004  24  5000004
...      ..      ...
9999995   5  9999995
9999996   6  9999996
9999997   7  9999997
9999998   8  9999998
9999999   9  9999999

[5000000 rows x 2 columns]
           A         B
10000000  10  10000000
10000001  11  10000001
10000002  12  10000002
10000003  13  10000003
10000004  14  10000004
...       ..       ...
14999995  25  14999995
14999996  26  14999996
14999997  27  14999997
14999998  28  14999998
14999999  29  14999999

[5000000 rows x 2 columns]
           A         B
15000000   0  15000000
15000001   1  15000001
15000002   2  15000002
15000003   3  15000003
15000004   4  15000004
...       ..       ...
19999995  15  19999995
19999996  16  19999996
19999997  17  19999997
19999998  18  19999998
19999999  19  19999999

[5000000 rows x 2 columns]

Looking at column B, we can clearly see that each process has a separate chunk of the original dataframe.

3.1.5. Parallelizing Computation¶

Bodo parallelizes computation automatically by dividing the work between cores and performing the necessary data communication. For example, the groupby operation in our example needs the data of each group to be on the same processor. This requires shuffling data across multiple cores/processes.

3.1.6. Parallel Write¶

Bodo can write data to storage in parallel as well: Save script in a file named save_data.py and run with mpiexec

import pandas as pd
import bodo

@bodo.jit
def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    df2 = df.groupby("A").sum()
    df2.to_parquet("example1-df2.pq")

test()

Command:

mpiexec -n 4 python save_data.py

Bodo will generate a folder named example1-df2.pq where each process write its chunk in a separate file as shown below:

ls -lh example1-df2.pq

total 32
-rw-r--r--  1 bodo   staff   1.7K Feb 15 11:57 part-00.parquet
-rw-r--r--  1 bodo   staff   1.7K Feb 15 11:57 part-01.parquet
-rw-r--r--  1 bodo   staff   1.7K Feb 15 11:57 part-02.parquet
-rw-r--r--  1 bodo   staff   1.7K Feb 15 11:57 part-03.parquet

Now, let’s save the code below in read_df2.py to read and print the results with pandas:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_parquet("example1-df2.pq")
print(df)

Command:

python read_df2.py

Output:

                B
A
 6666663333330
 6666665999998
 6666667333332
6666674000002
6666656666670
6666659333334
6666661999998
 6666663999997
 6666667999999
 6666668666666
6666670666667
6666671333334
6666672000001
6666673333335
6666675333336
 6666666666665
6666676000003
6666657333336
6666658000002
6666658666668
6666662666664
 6666664666664
 6666665333331
 6666669333333
6666670000000
6666672666668
6666674666669
6666660000000
6666660666666
6666661333332

The order of the groupby results generated by Bodo can differ from pandas since Bodo doesn’t automatically sort the output distributed data (it is expensive and not necessary in many cases). Users can explicitly sort dataframes at any point if desired.

3.1.7. Specifying Data Distribution¶

Bodo automatically distributes data and computation in Bodo functions by analyzing them for parallelization. However, Bodo does not know how input parameters of Bodo functions are distributed, and similarly how the user wants to handle return values. As such, Bodo assumes that input parameters and return values are replicated by default, meaning that every process receives the same input data and returns the same output, as opposed to different data chunks.

Warning

The distribution scheme of input parameters and return values determines the distribution scheme for variables inside the Bodo function that depend on them.

To illustrate this effect, let’s return the groupby output from the Bodo function:

import pandas as pd
import bodo

@bodo.jit
def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    df2 = df.groupby("A").sum()
    return df2

df2 = test()
print(df2)

Command:

mpiexec -n 4 python groupby_data.py

Output:

                B
A
 6666663333330
 6666663999997
 6666664666664
 6666665333331
 6666665999998
 6666666666665
 6666667333332
 6666667999999
 6666668666666
 6666669333333
6666670000000
6666670666667
6666671333334
6666672000001
6666672666668
6666673333335
6666674000002
6666674666669
6666675333336
6666676000003
6666656666670
6666657333336
6666658000002
6666658666668
6666659333334
6666660000000
6666660666666
6666661333332
6666661999998
6666662666664
                B
A
 6666663333330
 6666663999997
 6666664666664
 6666665333331
 6666665999998
 6666666666665
 6666667333332
 6666667999999
 6666668666666
 6666669333333
6666670000000
6666670666667
6666671333334
6666672000001
6666672666668
6666673333335
6666674000002
6666674666669
6666675333336
6666676000003
6666656666670
6666657333336
6666658000002
6666658666668
6666659333334
6666660000000
6666660666666
6666661333332
6666661999998
6666662666664
                B
A
 6666663333330
 6666663999997
 6666664666664
 6666665333331
 6666665999998
 6666666666665
 6666667333332
 6666667999999
 6666668666666
 6666669333333
6666670000000
6666670666667
6666671333334
6666672000001
6666672666668
6666673333335
6666674000002
6666674666669
6666675333336
6666676000003
6666656666670
6666657333336
6666658000002
6666658666668
6666659333334
6666660000000
6666660666666
6666661333332
6666661999998
6666662666664
                B
A
 6666663333330
 6666663999997
 6666664666664
 6666665333331
 6666665999998
 6666666666665
 6666667333332
 6666667999999
 6666668666666
 6666669333333
6666670000000
6666670666667
6666671333334
6666672000001
6666672666668
6666673333335
6666674000002
6666674666669
6666675333336
6666676000003
6666656666670
6666657333336
6666658000002
6666658666668
6666659333334
6666660000000
6666660666666
6666661333332
6666661999998
6666662666664

/Users/ehsan/dev/bodo/bodo/transforms/distributed_analysis.py:229: BodoWarning: No parallelism found for function 'test'. This could be due to unsupported usage. See distributed diagnostics for more information.
  warnings.warn(

As we can see, df2 has the same data on every process. Furthermore, Bodo warns that it didn’t find any parallelism inside the test function. In this example, every process reads the whole input Parquet file and executes the same sequential program. The reason is that Bodo makes sure all variables dependent on df2 have the same distribution, creating an inverse cascading effect.

3.1.8. `distributed` Flag¶

The user can tell Bodo what input/output variables should be distributed using the distributed flag:

import pandas as pd
import bodo

@bodo.jit(distributed=["df2"])
def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    df2 = df.groupby("A").sum()
    return df2

df2 = test()
print(df2)

Command:

mpiexec -n 4 python groupby_data.py

Output:

                B
A
 6666663333330
 6666665999998
 6666667333332
6666674000002
6666656666670
6666659333334
6666661999998
                B
A
 6666663999997
 6666667999999
 6666668666666
6666670666667
6666671333334
6666672000001
6666673333335
6666675333336
                B
A
 6666666666665
6666676000003
6666657333336
6666658000002
6666658666668
6666662666664
                B
A
 6666664666664
 6666665333331
 6666669333333
6666670000000
6666672666668
6666674666669
6666660000000
6666660666666
6666661333332

In this case, the program is fully parallelized and chunks of data are returned to Python on different processes.

3.1.9. Basic benchmarking of the pandas example¶

Now let’s do some basic benchmarking to observe the effect of Bodo’s automatic parallelization. Here we are only scaling up to 4 cores, but Bodo can scale the same code to thousands of cores in a cluster.

Let’s add timers and run the code again with pandas:

import pandas as pd
import time

def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    t0 = time.time()
    df2 = df.groupby("A").sum()
    m = df2.B.max()
    print("Compute time:", time.time() - t0, "secs")
    return m

result = test()

Command:

python analyze_data.py

Output:

Compute time: 0.5161728858947754 secs

Now let’s measure Bodo’s execution time.

import pandas as pd
import bodo
import time

@bodo.jit
def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    t0 = time.time()
    df2 = df.groupby("A").sum()
    m = df2.B.max()
    print("Compute time:", time.time() - t0, "secs")
    return m

result = test()

Command:

mpiexec -n 4 python analyze_data.py

Output:

Compute time: 0.19900471500022832 secs

As we can see, Bodo computes results faster than pandas using parallel computation. The speedup depends on the data and program characteristics, as well as the number of cores used. Usually, we can continue scaling to many more cores as long as the data is large enough.

Note how we included timers inside the Bodo function. This avoids measuring compilation time since Bodo compiles each jit function the first time it is called. Not measuring compilation time in benchmarking is usually important since:

Compilation time is often not significant for large computations in real settings but simple benchmarks are designed to run quickly
Functions can potentially be compiled and cached ahead of execution time
Compilation happens only once but the same function may be called multiple times, leading to inconsistent measurements

3.1.10. Pandas User-Defined Functions¶

User-defined functions (UDFs) offer significant flexibility but have high overhead in Pandas. Bodo can accelerate UDFs significantly, allowing flexibility without performance overheads. Let’s modify our example to use UDFs and measure performance again:

import pandas as pd
import time

def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("example1.pq")
    t0 = time.time()
    df2 = df.groupby("A")["B"].agg((lambda a: (a==1).sum(), lambda a: (a==2).sum(), lambda a: (a==3).sum()))
    m = df2.mean()
    print("Compute time:", time.time() - t0, "secs")
    return m

result = test()

Command:

python analyze_data.py

Output:

Compute time: 3.158751964569092 secs

Running this example with Bodo is significantly faster, even on a single core:

import pandas as pd
import time
import bodo

@bodo.jit
def test():
    df = pd.read_parquet("data/example1.pq")
    t0 = time.time()
    df2 = df.groupby("A")["B"].agg((lambda a: (a==1).sum(), lambda a: (a==2).sum(), lambda a: (a==3).sum()))
    m = df2.mean()
    print("Compute time:", time.time() - t0, "secs")
    return m

result = test()

Command:

python analyze_data.py

Output:

Compute time: 0.6601650919992608 secs

Bodo’s parallelism improves performance further:

mpiexec -n 4 python analyze_data.py

Output:

Compute time: 0.26972059500076284 secs

3.2. Memory Optimizations in Bodo¶

Bodo also improves performance by eliminating intermediate array values in computations such as expressions in Pandas and Numpy. The Monte Carlo Pi Estimation example demonstrates this effect:

import numpy as np
import time

def calc_pi(n):
    t1 = time.time()
    x = 2 * np.random.ranf(n) - 1
    y = 2 * np.random.ranf(n) - 1
    pi = 4 * np.sum(x**2 + y**2 < 1) / n
    print("Execution time:", time.time()-t1, "\nresult:", pi)

calc_pi(2 * 10**8)

Command:

python pi.py

Output:

Execution time: 9.323673009872437
result: 3.14178548

Bodo is faster even on a single core since it avoids creating arrays alltogether:

import numpy as np
import time
import bodo

@bodo.jit
def calc_pi(n):
    t1 = time.time()
    x = 2 * np.random.ranf(n) - 1
    y = 2 * np.random.ranf(n) - 1
    pi = 4 * np.sum(x**2 + y**2 < 1) / n
    print("Execution time:", time.time()-t1, "\nresult:", pi)

calc_pi(2 * 10**8)

Command:

python pi.py

Output:

Execution time: 2.233783724999739
result: 3.14182726

Data-parallel array computations typically scale well too:

import numpy as np
import time
import bodo

@bodo.jit
def calc_pi(n):
    t1 = time.time()
    x = 2 * np.random.ranf(n) - 1
    y = 2 * np.random.ranf(n) - 1
    pi = 4 * np.sum(x**2 + y**2 < 1) / n
    print("Execution time:", time.time()-t1, "\nresult:", pi)

calc_pi(2 * 10**8)

Command:

mpiexec -n 4 python pi.py

Output:

Execution time: 0.6021775219996925
result: 3.14158038

Note: Timing reported here are from runs on a MacBook Pro with 2 GHz Quad-Core Intel Core i5 processor.

For more examples, please check our repo on GitHub

3.3. Unsupported Pandas/Python Features¶

3.3.1. Supported Pandas Operations¶

Bodo supports a large subset of Pandas APIs as listed here. Moreover, dataframe schemas (column names and types) should be stable in operations. For example, key column names to group have to be constant for output type to be stable. This example demonstrates the issue:

import bodo
import pandas as pd

@bodo.jit(distributed=False)
def f(a, i):
    column_list = a[:i]  # some computation that cannot be inferred statically
    df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2, 1], "B": [4, 5, 6]})
    return df.groupby(column_list).sum()

a = ["A", "B"]
i = 1
f(a, i)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

BodoError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-20-8ff85fad034d> in <module>
      9 a = ["A", "B"]
     10 i = 1
---> 11 f(a, i)


~/dev/bodo/bodo/numba_compat.py in _compile_for_args(***failed resolving arguments***)
    841         del args
    842         if error:
--> 843             raise error
    844
    845


BodoError: groupby(): 'by' parameter only supports a constant column label or column labels.

File "<ipython-input-20-8ff85fad034d>", line 7:
def f(a, i):
    <source elided>
    df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2, 1], "B": [4, 5, 6]})
    return df.groupby(column_list).sum()
    ^

The code can most often be refactored to compute the key list in regular Python and pass as argument to Bodo:

import bodo
import pandas as pd

@bodo.jit(distributed=False)
def f(column_list):
    df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2, 1], "B": [4, 5, 6]})
    return df.groupby(column_list).sum()

a = ["A", "B"]
i = 1
column_list = a[:i]
f(column_list)

	B
A
1	10
2	5

3.3.2. Supported Python Operations¶

Bodo relies on Numba for supporting basic Python features. Therefore, Python constructs that are not supported by Numba (see Numba documentation here) should be avoided in Bodo programs. For example:

context manager: with (except for with bodo.objmode)
async features
set, dict and generator comprehensions
List containing values of heterogeneous type
- myList = [1, 2] myList.append(“A”)
Dictionary containing values of heterogeneous type
- myDict = {“A”: 1} myDict[“B”] = “C”

3.3.3. Parallel Data Structures¶

Bodo can parallelize Pandas DataFrame and Series data structures, as well as Numpy arrays. However, collections like lists, sets and dictionaries cannot be parallelized yet.

3. Getting Started¶

3.1. Parallel Pandas with Bodo¶

3.1.1. Generate data¶

3.1.2. Data Analysis¶

3.1.3. Prints¶

3.1.4. Parallel Data Read¶

3.1.5. Parallelizing Computation¶

3.1.6. Parallel Write¶

3.1.7. Specifying Data Distribution¶

3.1.8. distributed Flag¶

3.1.9. Basic benchmarking of the pandas example¶

3.1.10. Pandas User-Defined Functions¶

3.2. Memory Optimizations in Bodo¶

3.3. Unsupported Pandas/Python Features¶

3.3.1. Supported Pandas Operations¶

3.3.2. Supported Python Operations¶

3.3.3. Parallel Data Structures¶

3.1.8. `distributed` Flag¶